The Islamic Gift Economy (IGE; al-Iqtisad al-Infaqi or al-Iqtisad al-Ihsani) can be envisioned as an integrative economic system based on the operative principles of:

The destruction of nature can be understood as a running indictment of the collective character and state of the human species. The ecological health of a given place mirrors the true ethical, spiritual, and psychological condition of its inhabitants.

"There is no such thing as philosophy-free science; there is only science whose philosophical baggage is taken on board without examination." - Daniel Dennett

Linguistically, ḍarūra, as Al-Jurjānī has said in his Taʿrīfāt, is derived from the word ḍarar [1], and it is something that befalls one and cannot be repelled.

In the Name of Allah, The All Merciful, The Most Merciful

Because of the emphasis on justice (ăadl), fair exchange (mumāthalah, tasāwī), and mutual consent (tarāḍin), a lot of attention was given to the precept of 'sound money' and the avoidance and preemption of anything that would compromise or dilute that precept.3 Since money is a medium of exchange as well as a measure of value (and thereby, a...